Fuller’s Writings.

From: The Woman and The Myth: Margaret Fuller’s Life & Writings (1994)
Author: Bell Gale Chevigny, Margaret Fuller
Published: Northeastern University Press 1976; 1994 Boston

FULLER’S WRITINGS

7. “Mariana,” a story [1844]

Fuller published the story of Mariana in 1844 in Summer on the Lakes but had probably written it some years before. The second half of the story, omitted here, renders Mariana’s marriage and death by the uncompromisingly partisan romantic formula favored by the young Fuller: women refuse to survive in a world of men unwilling to understand . The first half is generally taken to be a quasi-autobiographical account of Fuller’s experience in the Prescotts’ school. Certainly it is an attempt to reinterpret the isolating eccentricity of her teen-age years, when she sought to overwhelm or blackmail young girls into friendship. And the reality of the kindly “lady” of the story is strongly suggested by Fuller’s letter of January 1830 to Susan Prescott: “your image shines as fair to my mind’s eye as it did in 1825, when I left you with my heart overflowing with gratitude for your singular and judicious tenderness” (Memoirs, I, 57).

At first, her schoolmates were captivated with her ways; her love of wild dances and sudden song, her freaks of passion and of wit. She was always new, always surprising, and, for a time, charming.

  But, after awhile, they tired of her. She could never be depended on to join in their plans, yet she expected them to follow out hers with their whole strength. She was very loving, even infatuated in her own affections, and exacted from those who had professed any love for her, the devotion she was willing to bestow.

  Yet there was a vein of haughty caprice in her character; and a love of solitude, which made her at times wish to retire entirely, and at these times she would expect to be entirely understood, and let alone, yet to be welcomed back when she returned. She did not thwart others in their humors, but she never doubted of great indulgence from them.

  Some singular habits she had which, when new, charmed, but, after acquaintance, displeased her companions. She had by nature the same habit and power of excitement that is described in the spinning dervishes of the East. Like them, she would spin until all around her were giddy, while her own brain, instead of being disturbed, was excited to great action. Pausing, she would declaim verses of others or her own; or act many parts, with strange catch-words and burdens that seemed to act with mystical power on her own fancy, sometimes stimulating her to convulse the bearer with laughter, sometimes to melt him to tears. When her power began to languish, she would spin again till fired to recommence her singular drama, into which she wove figures from the scenes of her earlier childhood, her companions, and the dignitaries she sometimes saw, with fantasies unknown to life, unknown to heaven or earth.

  This excitement, as may be supposed, was not good for her. It usually came on in the evening, and often spoiled her sleep. She would wake in the night, and cheat her restlessness by inventions that teazed, while they sometimes diverted her companions.

  She was also a sleep-walker; and this one trait of her case did somewhat alarm her guardians, who, otherwise, showed the same profound stupidity as to this peculiar being, usual in the overseeing of the young. They consulted a physician, who said she would outgrow it, and prescribed a milk diet.

  Meantime, the fever of this ardent and too early stimulated nature was constantly increased by the restraints and narrow routine of the boarding school. She was always devising means to break in upon it. She had a taste which would have seemed ludicrous to her mates, if they bad not felt some awe of her, from a touch of genius and power that never left her, for costume and fancy dresses, always some sash twisted about her, some drapery, something odd in the arrangement of her hair and dress, so that the methodical preceptress dared not let her go out without a careful scrutiny and remodelling, whose soberizing effects generally disappeared the moment she was in the free air.

  At last, a vent for her was found in private theatricals. Play followed play, and in these and the rehearsals she found entertainment congenial with her. The principal parts, as a matter of course, fell to her lot; most of the good suggestions and arrangements came from her; and for a time she ruled masterly and shone triumphant.

  During these performances the girls bad heightened their natural bloom with artificial red; this was delightful to them—it was something so out of the way. But Mariana, after the plays were over, kept her carmine saucer on the dressing-table, and put on her blushes regularly as the morning.

  When stared and jeered at, she at first said she did it because she thought it made her look prettier; but, after a while, she became petulant about it,—would make no reply to any joke, but merely kept on doing it.

  This irritated the girls, as all eccentricity does the world in general, more than vice or malignity. They talked it over among themselves, till they got wrought up to a desire of punishing, once for all, this sometimes amusing, but so often provoking nonconformist. Having obtained leave of the mistress, they laid, with great glee, a plan one evening, which was to be carried into execution next day at dinner.

  Among Mariana’s irregularities was a great aversion to the mealtime ceremonial. So long, so tiresome she found it, to be seated at a certain moment, to wait while each one was served at so large a table, where there was scarcely any conversation; from day to day it became more heavy to sit there, or go there at all. Often as possible she excused herself on the ever-convenient plea of headache, and was hardly ever ready when the dinnerbell rang.

  To-day it found her on the balcony, lost in gazing on the beautiful prospect. I have heard her say afterwards, that she had rarely in her life been so happy,—and she was one with whom happiness was a still rapture. It was one of the most blessed summer days; the shadows of great white clouds empurpled the distant hills for a few moments only to leave them more golden; the tall grass of the wide fields waved in the softest breeze. Pure blue were the heavens, and the same hue of pure contentment was in the heart of Mariana.

  Suddenly on her bright mood jarred the dinnerbell. At first rose her usual thought, I will not, cannot go; and then the must, which daily life can always enforce, even upon the butterflies and birds, came, and she walked reluctantly to her room. She merely changed her dress, and never thought of adding the artificial rose to her cheek.

  When she took her seat in the dining-hall, and was asked if she would be helped, raising her eyes, she saw the person who asked her was deeply rouged, with a bright glaring spot, perfectly round, in either cheek. She looked at the next, same apparition! She then slowly passed her eyes down the whole line, and saw the same, with a suppressed smile distorting every countenance. Catching the design at once, she deliberately looked along her own side of the table, at every schoolmate in tum; every one had joined in the trick. The teachers strove to be grave, but she saw they enjoyed the joke. The servants could not suppress a titter. . . .

  She had ruled, like a queen, in the midst of her companions; she had shed her animation through their lives, and loaded them with prodigal favors, nor once suspected that a powerful favorite might not be loved. Now, she felt that she bad been but a dangerous plaything in the hands of those whose hearts she never had doubted.

  Yet, the occasion found her equal to it, for Mariana had the kind of spirit, which, in a better cause, had made the Roman matron truly say of her death-wound, “It is not painful, Poetus.” She did not blench—she did not change countenance. She swallowed her dinner with apparent composure. She made remarks to those near her, as if she had no eyes.

  The wrath of the foe of course rose higher, and the moment they were freed from the restraints of the dining-room, they all ran off, gaily calling, and sarcastically laughing, with backward glances, at Mariana, left alone.

  She went alone to her room, locked the door, and threw herself on the floor in strong convulsions. These had sometimes threatened her life, as a child, but of later years she had outgrown them. School-hours came, and she was not there. A little girl, sent to her door, could get no answer. The teachers became alarmed, and broke it open. Bitter was their penitence, and that of her companions at the state in which they found her. For some hours, terrible anxiety was felt; but, at last, nature, exhausted, relieved herself by a deep slumber.

  From this Mariana rose an altered being. She made no reply to the expressions of sorrow from her companions, none to the grave and kind, but undiscerning comments of her teacher. She did not name the source of her anguish, and its poisoned dart sank deeply in. This was the thought which stung her so. What, not one, not a single one, in the hour of trial, to take my part, not one who refused to take part against me. Past words of love, and caresses, little heeded at the time, rose to her memory, and gave fuel to her distempered thoughts. Beyond the sense at universal perfidy, of burning resentment, she could not get. And Mariana, born for love, now hated all the world.

  The change, however, which these feelings made in her conduct and appearance bore no such construction to the careless observer. Her gay freaks were quite gone, her wildness, her invention. Her dress was uniform, her manner much subdued. Her chief interest seemed now to lie in her studies, and in music. Her companions she never sought; but they, partly from uneasy, remorseful feelings, partly that they really liked her much better now that she did not oppress and puzzle them, sought her continually. And here the black shadow comes upon her life, the only stain upon the history of Mariana.

  They talked to her, as girls, having few topics naturally do, of one another. Then the demon rose within her, and spontaneously, without design, generally without words of positive falsehood, she became a genius of discord among them. She fanned those flames of envy and jealousy which a wise, true word from a third will often quench forever; by a glance, or a seemingly light reply, she planted the seeds of dissension, till there was scarce a peaceful affection, or sincere intimacy, in the circle where she lived, and could not but rule, for she was one whose nature was to that of the others as fire to clay.

  It was at this time that I came to the school, and first saw Mariana. Me she charmed at once, for I was a sentimental child, who, in my early ill health, had been indulged in reading novels, till I had no eyes for the common greens and browns of life . . . .

  It was not, however, easy to approach her. Did I offer to run and fetch her handkerchief, she was obliged to go to her room, and would rather do it herself. She did not like to have people tum over for her the leaves of the music book as she played. Did I approach my stool to her feet, she moved away, as if to give me room. The bunch of wild flowers, which I timidly laid beside her plate, was left there.

  After some weeks, my desire to attract her notice really preyed upon me; and one day, meeting her alone in the entry, I fell upon my knees, and, kissing her hand, cried, “O, Mariana, do let me love you, and try to love me a little.” But my idol snatched away her hand, and laughing . . . wildly, . . . ran into her room. After that day, her manner to me was not only cold, but repulsive, and I felt myself scorned . . . .

  Perhaps four months had passed thus, when, one afternoon, it became obvious that something more than common was brewing. Dismay and mystery were written in many faces of the older girls; much whispering was going on in comers.

  In the evening, after prayers, the principal bade us stay; and, in a grave, sad voice, summoned forth Mariana to answer charges to be made against her.

  Mariana come forward and leaned against the chimney piece. Eight of the older girls came forward, and preferred against her charges, alas, too well founded, of calumny and falsehood.

  At first she defended herself with self-possession and eloquence. But when she found she could no more resist the truth, she suddenly threw herself down, dashing her head, with all her force, against the iron hearth, on which a fire was burning, and was taken up senseless.

  The affright of those present was great. Now that they had perhaps killed her, they reflected it would have been as well, if they had taken warning from the former occasion, and approached very carefully a nature so capable of any extreme. After a while she revived, with a faint groan, amid the sobs of her companions. I was on my knees by the bed, and held her cold hand. One of those most aggrieved took it from me, to beg her pardon, and say it was impossible not to love her. She made no reply.

  Neither that night, nor for several days, could a word be obtained from her, nor would she touch food; but, when it was presented to her, or any one drew near from any cause, she merely turned away her head, and gave no sign. The teacher saw that some terrible nervous affection had fallen upon her, that she grew more and more feverish. She knew not what to do.

  Meanwhile a new revolution had taken place in the mind of the passionate, but nobly-tempered child. All these months nothing but the sense of injury had rankled in her heart. She had gone on in one mood, doing what the demon prompted, without scruple and without fear.

  But, at the moment of detection, the tide ebbed, and the bottom of her soul lay revealed to her eye. How black, how stained and sad! Strange, strange, that she had not seen before the baseness and cruelty of falsehood, the loveliness of truth! Now, amid the wreck, uprose the moral nature, which never before had attained the ascendant. “But,” she thought, “too late, sin is revealed to me in all its deformity, and sin-defiled, I will not, cannot live. The mainspring of life is broken.”

  And thus passed slowly by her hours in that black despair of which only youth is capable. In older years men suffer more dull pain, as each sorrow that comes drops its leaden weight into the past, and, similar features of character bringing similar results, draws up a heavy burden buried in those depths. But only youth has energy, with fixed unwinking gaze, to contemplate grief, to hold it in the arms and to the heart, like a child which makes it wretched, yet is indubitably its own.

  The lady who took charge of this sad child had never well understood her before, but had always looked on her with great tenderness. And now love seemed, when all around were in the greatest distress, fearing to call in medical aid, fearing to do without it, to teach her where the only balm was to be found that could have healed this wounded spirit.

  One night she came in, bringing a calming draught. Mariana was sitting as usual, her hair loose, her dress the same robe they had put on her at first, her eyes fixed vacantly upon the whited wall. To the proffers and entreaties of her nurse she made no reply.

  The lady burst into tears, but Mariana did not seem even to observe it.

  The lady then said, “O, my child, do not despair, do not think that one great fault can mar a whole life. Let me trust you, let me tell you the griefs of my sad life. I will tell to you, Mariana, what I never expected to impart to any one.”

  And so she told her tale: it was one of pain, of shame, borne, not for herself, but for one near and dear as herself. Mariana knew the lady, knew the pride and reserve of her nature; she had often admired to see how the cheek, lovely, but no longer young, mantled with the deepest blush of youth, and the blue eyes were cast down at any little emotion. She had understood the proud sensibility of her character. She fixed her eyes on those now raised to hers, bright with fast falling tears. She heard the story to the end, and then, without saying a word, stretched out her hand for the cup.

  She returned to life, but it was as one who had passed through the valley of death. The heart of stone was quite broken in her. The fiery life fallen from flame to coal. When her strength was a little restored, she had all her companions summoned, and said to them, “I deserved to die, but a generous trust has called me back to life. I will be worthy of it, nor ever betray the truth, or resent injury more. Can you forgive the past?”

  And they not only forgave, but, with love and earnest tears, clasped in their arms the returning sister. They vied with one another in offices of humble love to the humbled one; and, let it be recorded as an instance of the pure honor of which young hearts are capable, that these facts, known to forty persons, never, so far as I know, transpired beyond those walls.

  It was not long after this that Mariana was summoned home. She went thither a wonderfully instructed being, though in ways those who had sent her forth to learn little dreamed of.

  Never was forgotten the vow of the returning prodigal. Mariana could not resent, could not play false. The terrible crisis, which she so early passed through, probably prevented the world from hearing much of her. A wild fire was tamed in that hour of penitence at the boarding school, such as has oftentimes wrapped court and camp in its destructive glow. [Summer, 81-93]

8. To Almira Barlow, November 19, 1830

In a very different style, parodying both herself and her detractors, Fuller wrote to an intimate of her twenties, Almira Barlow, wife of a clergyman and later resident at Brook Farm. (The friend of the second sentence was Elizabeth Randall, who long fascinated James Clarke.)

. . . Many things have happened since I echoed your farewell laugh. Elizabeth and I have been fully occupied. She has cried a great deal fainted a good deal and played the harp most of all. I have neither fertilized the earth with my tears, edified its inhabitants by my delicacy of constitution, nor wakened its echoes to my harmony,—yet some things have I achieved in my own soft feminine style I hate glare, thou knowest, and have hitherto successfully screened my virtues therefrom. I have made several garments fitted for the wear of American youth; I have written six letters, and received a correspondent number; I have read one book,—a piece of poetry entitled “Two Agonies”, by M. A. Browne, (pretty caption, is it not?)—and J. J. Knapp’s trial; I have given advice twenty times,—I have taken it once; I have gained two friends and recovered two; I have felt admiration four times, honor once, and disgust twice; I have been a journey, and showed my penetration in discovering the beauties of Nature through a thick and never-lifted shroud of rain; I have turned two new leaves in the book of human nature; I have got a new pink bag (beautiful!). I have imposed on the world, time and again, by describing your Lynn life as the perfection of human felicity, and adorning my visit there with all sorts of impossible adventures,—thus at once exhibiting my own rich invention and the credulous ignorance of my auditors (light and dark, you know, dear, give life to a picture). I have had tears for others’ woes, and patience for my own,—in short, to climax this journal of many-colored deeds and chances, so well have I played my part, that in the self-same night I was styled by two several persons, “a sprightly young lady”, and “a Syren!!” Oh rapturous sound! I have reached the goal of my ambition. Earth has nothing fairer or brighter to offer. “Intelligency” was nothing to it. A “Supercilious”, “satirical”, “affected”, “pedantic” “Syren”!!!! Can the olla-podrida of human nature present a compound of more varied ingredients, or higher gusto?

  Loveliest of created ministers wives! I have egotized as became a friend so interesting as myself, to one so sympathizing as thyself. For the present I pause, when, oh when shalt thou gather strength to come and hear the remainder? . . .

P.S. Write soon and let the letter be sentimental. Sentiment now bears unbounded sway in the palace of my heart. But write soon or the tide may ebb. [Houghton MS copy]

9. To James Freeman Clarke [March 28? 1830]

From 1829 until the Fullers left Cambridge in 1833, James Clarke, a distant relation, was in almost daily contact with Fuller. Her early letters, signed “your cousin only thirty-seven degrees removed” were lighthearted. But when he pressed her on March 27, 1830, for more confidentiality, she replied with this letter. The disillusionment described here refers to her attraction to her witty cousin George Davis, whose indifference had made her ill the year before.

I thank you for your note. Ten minutes before I received it, I scarcely thought that anything again would make my stifled heart throb so warm a pulse of pleasure. Excuse my cold doubts, my selfish arrogance,—you will, when I tell you that this experiment has before had such uniform results; those who professed to seek my friendship, and whom, indeed, I have often truly loved, have always learned to content themselves with that inequality in the connection which I have never striven to veil. Indeed, I have thought myself more valued and better loved, because the sympathy, the interest, were all on my side. True! such regard could never flatter my pride, nor gratify my affections, since it was paid not to myself, but to the need they had of me; still, it was dear and pleasing, as it has given me an opportunity of knowing and serving many lovely characters; and I cannot see that there is anything else for me to do on earth. And I should rejoice to cultivate generosity, since (see that since) affections gentler and more sympathetic are denied me.

  I would have been a true friend to you; ever ready to solace your pains and partake your joy as far as possible. Yet I cannot but rejoice that I have met a person who could discriminate and reject a proffer of this sort. Two years ago I should have ventured to proffer you friendship, indeed, on seeing such an instance of pride in you; but I have gone through a sad process of feeling since, and those emotions, so necessarily repressed, have lost their simplicity, their ardent beauty. Then, there was nothing I might not have disclosed to a person capable of comprehending, had I ever seen such a one! Now there are many voices of the soul which I imperiously silence. This results not from any particular circumstance or event, but from a gradual ascertaining of realities.

  I cannot promise you any limitless confidence, but I can promise that no timid caution, no haughty dread shall prevent my telling you the truth of my thoughts on any subject we may have in common. Will this satisfy you? Oh let it! suffer me to know you. [Memoirs, I, 66-68]

10. To James Freeman Clarke, July 6, 1832

While it is true, as Emerson says, that Fuller sometimes charged her friends with ingratitude, as often she apologized for such self-indulgence, as here.

I believe I behaved very badly the other evening. I did not think so yesterday. I had been too surprised and vexed to recover very easily, but to-day my sophistries have all taken wing, and I feel that nothing good could have made me act with such childish petulance and bluntness towards one who spoke from friendly emotions. Be at peace; I will astonish you by my repose, mildness, and self-possession. No, that is silly; but I believe it cannot be right to be on such terms with any one, that, on the least vexation, I indulge my feelings at his or her expense. We will talk less, but we shall be very good friends still, I hope. Shall not we? [Memoirs, I, 79]

11. To James Freeman Clarke, February 1, 1835

Typically mixing literary and personal analysis, Fuller here writes from Groton to Clarke at Louisville, Kentucky; he had recently written her about the new Polish immigrants. In referring to Lane Seminary in Cincinnati, whose students were agitating against slavery and working in the black community until official censure resulted in their mass resignation, she shows a plain preference for practical struggle over oratory.

Dear James,
My mind has been so strongly turned towards you these several days that though I owe you no letter I must write. Often in reading or meditating, thoughts strike which I think I wish so much I could communicate to my friend James—If he could only come in this evening as he used to at Cambridge I could pour forth such a flood. And he—he would gravely listen and then—rise abruptly and go out as if he were disgusted with all I had said but—a month or more after he would come out with an answer which showed that he had thought about it and if he did not agree at least had not been disgusted. Ah well a day this delightful contact of character is over for ever. The thought makes me melancholy . . . .

  So—where was I?—Oh about Reinhard’s memoirs-did you, dear “Minister” ever read them for I am going to quote from them for some time—So if you have not read them do so and particy Letter IX and noting what is said therein of the method we should take in examining revelation give me your opinion thereon—Do it in form—I want it—Observe the valuable results of his six years patient industry, admire that truly German spirit which produces fruits of such perfect ripeness, those habits of patient investigation, that freedom of spirit joined with candour and humility—See how beautifully his life passed, spirit constantly victorious over the rebellion of matter, every hour employed in pursuits as useful as elegant, that genuine charity, that consistent sweetness and humility—He gave away the fruits of his own soul to the poor; How delightful his domestick life. Oh my friend how lovely is the picture of a good man!—I hope it is not flattered—Read it and see if it does not affect you as it does me—I think you will find passages which may be useful to [you] particy on the way in which he made general literature and great love of philosophy part of his religious character. Similar thoughts have occupied your own mind. He seems to have performed what you could conceive and wish therefore are capable of performing. You will not agree with his doctrine but that is nothing—And tell me how goes your Unitarianism—Before you went to the west I remember you were grafting sundry notions of your own on that most rational system. Have you decided yet how regeneration is to be accomplished . . . .

  Now let me ask you some questions for I feel impertinent tonight—How many hours a day do you study and what; any thing except sermon writing. Do you feel more or less alone than when with us—Is the promised freedom joyous or joyless? Which do you learn most from the book of Nature, Goethe or St Paul—and are you going to stay in the West always?—How are your friends the Poles?—My desire to go to the West is revived by the doings at Lane Seminary—That sounds from afar so like the conflict of keen life—There is the greatest fuss about slavery in this little nook. An idle gentleman weary of his ease has taken to philanthropy as a profession and here are incessant lectures. I rarely go but I attended to hear the English emissary Thompson whom you must have read about in the papers. I wish you or any of my friends who need forming as speakers [remainder of letter is missing]. [Clarke Papers, Houghton]

12. To William Henry Channing, July 1841, July 1842, and no date

Character analysis and interpretation of friendship was the indispensable core of her correspondence with W. H. Channing, who, despite his lavish praise in the Memoirs, appears often to have criticized Fuller’s forthrightness and her insistent closeness. In the first of the three letters below, she distinguishes her ideal of friendship from his and Emerson’s.

a. The more I think of it, the more deeply do I feel the imperfection of your view of friendship, which is the same Waldo E. takes in that letter on Charles’ death. It is very noble, but not enough for our manifold nature. Our friends should be our incentive to Right, but not only our guiding but our prophetic stars. To love by right is much, to love by faith is more; both are the entire love without which heart, mind, and soul cannot be alike satisfied. We love and ought to love one another not merely for the absolute worth of each but on account of a mutual fitness of temporary character. We are not merely one another’s priests or gods, but ministering angels, exercising in the part the same function as the Great Soul in the whole, of seeing the perfect through the imperfect, nay, making it come there. Why am I to love any friend the less for any obstruction in his life? is not the very time for me to love most tenderly when I must see his life in despite of seeming; when he shows it me I can only admire: I do not give myself. I am taken captive . . . .

  Do not, I implore you, whether from pride or affection, wish to exile me from the dark hour. The manly mind might love best in the triumphant hour, but the woman could no more stay from the foot of the cross than from the transfiguration. And I am fit to be the friend of an immortal mortal because I know both these sympathies. [BPL MS]

b . . . . I would have my friends tender of me, not because I am frail, but because I am capable of strength;—patient, because they see in me a principle that must, at last, harmonize all the exuberance of my character. I did not well understand what you felt, but I am willing to admit that what you said of my “over-great impetuosity” is just. You will, perhaps, feel it more and more. It may at times hide my better self. When it does, speak, I entreat, as harshly as you feel. Let me be always sure I know the worst. I believe you will be thus just, thus true, for we are both servants of Truth. [Memoirs, II, 65-66]

c. I like to hear you express your sense of my defects. The word “arrogance” does not, indeed, appear to me to be just; probably because I do not understand what you mean. But in due time I doubtless shall; for so repeatedly have you used it, that it must stand for something real in my large and rich, yet irregular and unclarified nature. But though I like to hear you, as I say, and think somehow your reproof does me good, by myself, I return to my native bias, and feel as if there was plenty of room in the universe for my faults, and as if I could not spend time in thinking of them, when so many things interest me more. I have no defiance or coldness, however, as to these spiritual facts which I do not know; but I must follow my own law, and bide my time, even if, like Oedipus, I should return a criminal, blind and outcast, to ask aid from the gods. Such possibilities, I confess, give me great awe; for I have more sense than most, of the tragic depths that may open suddenly in the life. Yet, believing in God, anguish cannot be despair, not guilt perdition. I feel sure that I have never willfully chosen, and that my life has been docile to such truth as was shown it. In an environment like mine, what may have seemed too lofty or ambitious in my character was absolutely needed to keep the heart from breaking and enthusiasm from extinction. [Memoirs, II, 111-12]

13. On talk with Ellery Channing, August 28, 1842

The poet, Ellery Channing (1818-1901), who had married Ellen Fuller in 1841, analyzed Margaret’s character when they met in Concord the next year. Apparently, his cousin, W. H. Channing, had written critically in the same vein. Fuller’s journal records her struggle with their strictures.

All these evenings it has rained and we could not go out. Ellery has come into my room, but it has not been pleasant. The indoor darkness seemed to cloud his mind: he was entirely different from what he is beneath the open sky. The first night he began by railing at me as artificial. “It dont strike me when you are alone with me, he says, but it does when others are present. You dont follow out the fancy of the moment, you converse, you have treasured thoughts to tell, you are disciplined, artificial.” I pleaded guilty, and observed that I supposed it must be so, with one of my continuity of thought or earnestness of character.—As to that, says he, I shall not like you the better for your excellence. I dont know what is the matter, I feel strongly attracted towards you, but there is a drawback in my mind, I dont know exactly what. You will always be wanting to grow forward, now I like to grow backward too. You are too ideal. Ideal people anticipate their lives, and they make themselves and every body around them restless, by always being beforehand with themselves, & so on in the very tone of William’s damning letter.

  I listened attentively, for what he said was excellent, following up the humor of the moment he arrests admirable thoughts on the wing. But I cannot but see, that what they say of my or other obscure lives is true of every prophetic, of every tragic character,—And then I like to have them make me look [on] that side, and reverence the lovely forms of nature, & the shifting moods, and the clinging instincts. But I must not let them disturb me. There is one only guide, the voice in the heart that asks—Was thy wish sincere? If so thou canst not stray from nature, nor be so perverted but she will make thee true again. I must take my own path, and learn from them all, without being paralyzed for to-day. We need great energy, and self-reliance to endure to day. My age may not be the best, my position may be bad, my character ill formed, but thou, Oh Spirit, hast no regard to aught but the seeking heart, and if I try to walk upright will guide me? What despair must he feel who after a whole life passed in trying to build up himself, resolves that it would have been far better, if he had kept still as the clod of the valley, or yielded easily as the leaf to every breeze. A path has been appointed me. I have walked in it as steadily as I could. “I am what I am.” That which I am not, teach me in the others. I will bear the pain of imperfection, but not of doubt. Waldo must not shake me in my worldliness, nor William in the fine motion that that [sic] has given me what I have of life, nor this child of genius, make me lay aside the armour without which I had lain bleeding on the field long since, but if they can keep closer to Nature, and learn to interpret her as souls, also,—let me learn from them what I have not. [“Margaret Fuller’s 1842 Journal,” ed. Joel Myerson, Harvard Library Bulletin, 21 (1973), 329]

14. To Samuel Gray Ward [September 1839]

In the summer of 1835, Fuller escaped the family routine in Groton on a delightful tour of upstate New York with the Farrars and the engaging Sam Ward, who shared her enthusiasm for nature and art. After he returned from Italy laden with prints and engravings thrilling to Fuller, they fell into an exuberant intimacy; she dubbed him “Raffaello,” and he, seven years younger, called her “Mother.” On what appears to be a later copy by Fuller of this passionate accusation to Ward, she noted, “I believe in the first days of Septr 1839.”

To —
You love me no more—How did you pray me to draw near to you! What words were spoken in impatience of separation! How did you promise to me, ay, and doubtless to yourself, too, of all we might be to one another, We are near and with Spring’s fairest flowers I poured out my heart to you.—At an earlier period I would fain have broke the tie that bound us, for I knew myself incapable of feeling or being content to inspire an ordinary attachment. As soon as I saw a flaw I would have broke the tie. You would not—you resented, yet with what pathetic grace, any distrust on my part. Forever, ever are words of which you have never been, are not now afraid.

  You call me your best of friends, your dearest friend, you say that you always find yourself with me. I doubt not the depth of your attachment, doubt not that you feel my worth. But the confiding sweetness, the natural and prompt expression are gone—are they gone forever?

  You do not wish to be with me; why try to hide it from me, from yourself? You are not interested in any of my interests. My friends, my pursuits are not yours. If you tell me of yours, it is like a matter of duty, not because you cannot help it, and must write or speak to relieve the full heart and mind.

  The sympathizing contemplation of the beautiful in Nature, in Art is over for us. That for which I loved you first, and which made that love a shrine at which I could rest upon my wearing pilgrimage.—Now—moons wax and wane, suns rise and set, the summer segment of the beautiful circle is filled, and since the first flush on the cheek of June we have not once seen, felt, admired together. You come here—to go away again, and make a call upon me in the parlor while you stay! You write to me—to say you would not write before and ask me why I do not write.—You write me to go and see Michel’s work—by myself! You send me your books and pictures—to ask me what I think of them! Thus far at least we have walked no step together and my heart deceives me widely if this be love, or if we live as friends should live:

  Yet, spite of all this, sometimes I believe when I am with you, and come what may, I will be faithful myself, I will not again draw back: it shall be all your fault if we break off again. I will wait—I will not complain. I will exact nothing—I will make every allowance for the restlessness of a heart checked in its love, a mind dissatisfied with its pursuits. I will bear in mind that my presence is like to recal all you have need to forget and will try to believe that you would not be with me that I “spoil you for your part on life’s dull scene,” or as you have said, “call up the woman in you.”

  You say you love me as ever, forever. I will, if I can, rely upon your word, believing you must deem me entitled to unshrinking frankness.

  You have given me the sacred name of Mother, and I will be as indulgent, as tender, as delicate (if possible) in my vigilance, as if I had borne you beneath my heart instead of in it. But oh, it is waiting like the Mother beside the sepulchre for the resurrection, for all I loved in you is at present dead and buried, only a light from the tomb shines now and then in your eyes . . . . [Houghton MS]

15. To Samuel Gray Ward (?), no date

Some scholars have plausibly believed that this letter was addressed to Sam Ward and have therefore dated it in the year he married, 1840. Certainly the themes articulated here are characteristic of Fuller’s critical thirtieth year: the agony over sexual definition, the isolation expressed in terms of the absence of familial ties, the proud sense of self-generation, the joyous release that accompanied pain.

I want words to express the singularity of all my past relations; yet let me try.

  From a very early age I have felt that I was not born to the common womanly lot. I knew I should never find a being who could keep the key of my character: that there would be none on whom I could always lean, from whom I could always learn; that I should be a pilgrim and sojourner on earth, and that the birds and foxes would be surer of a place to lay the head than I. You understand me, of course; such beings can only find their homes in hearts. All material luxuries, all the arrangements of society, are mere conveniences to them.

  This thought, all whose bearings I did not, indeed, understand, affected me sometimes with sadness, sometimes with pride. I mourned that I never should have a thorough experience of life, never know the full riches of my being; I was proud that I was to test myself in the sternest way, that I was always to return to myself, to be my own priest, pupil, parent, child, husband, and wife. All this I did not understand as I do now; but this destiny of the thinker, and (shall I dare to say it?) of the poetic priestess, sibylline, dwelling in the cave, or amid the Lybian sands, lay yet enfolded in my mind. Accordingly, I did not look on any of the persons, brought into relation with me, with common womanly eyes.

  Yet, as my character is, after all, still more feminine than masculine, it would sometimes happen that I put more emotion into a state than I myself knew. I really was capable of attachment, though it never seemed so till the hour of separation. And if a connexion was torn up by the roots, the soil of my existence showed an unsightly wound, which long refused to clothe itself in verdure.

  With regard to yourself, I was to you all that I wished to be. I knew that I reigned in your thoughts in my own way. And I also lived with you more truly and freely than with any other person. We were truly friends, but it was not friends as men are friends to one another, or as brother and sister. There was, also, that pleasure, which may, perhaps, be termed conjugal, of finding oneself in an alien nature. Is there any tinge of love in this? Possibly! At least, in comparing it with my relation to – – -, I find that was strictly fraternal. I valued him for himself. I did not care for an influence over him, and was perfectly willing to have one or fifty rivals in his heart. * *

  * * I think I may say, I never loved. I but see my possible life reflected on the clouds. As in a glass darkly, I have seen what I might feel as child, wife, mother, but I have never really approached the close relations of life. A sister I have truly been to many—a brother to more—a fostering nurse to, oh how many! The bridal hour of many a spirit, when first it was wed, I have shared, but said adieu before the wine was poured out at the banquet. And there is one I always love in my poetic hour, as the lily looks up to the star from amid the waters; and another whom I visit as the bee visits the flower, when I crave sympathy. Yet those who live would scarcely consider that I am among the living—and I am isolated, as you say.

  My dear – – -, all is well; all has helped me to decipher the great poem of the universe. I can hardly describe to you the happiness which floods my solitary hours. My actual life is yet much clogged and impeded, but I have at last got me an oratory where I can retire and pray. With your letter, vanished a last regret. You did not act or think unworthily. It is enough. As to the cessation of our confidential intercourse, circumstances must have accomplished that long ago; my only grief was that you should do it with your own free will, and for reasons that I thought unworthy. I long to honor you, to be honored by you. Now we will have free and noble thoughts of one another, and all that is best of our friendship shall remain. [Memoirs, I, 98-101]

16. On Anna Barker [October 1842]

Anna Barker met Margaret Fuller when they were both under twenty. Anna’s beauty seemed to the young Fuller a perfect counterpart to her own intelligence and had the effect of releasing repressed feeling. Fuller’s language in this journal entry years later, especially the quotation from Goethe (which means “it is not a question of man or woman”), suggests that a strong impetus to this love was her desire to resolve her sexual identity by passionately transcending sex itself. As late as October 7, 1839, a visit from Anna still had power to overwhelm her, as she wrote to Caroline Sturgis: “The nights of talk and days of agitation, the tides of feeling which have been poured upon and from my soul have been too much for my strength of body or mind” (Tappan Papers, Houghton). In the next October, Anna married Sam Ward, and although friendly relations were maintained, Fuller’s feeling for both diminished, perhaps in part because Anna required Ward to abandon the scholar’s life and enter business. Frequently quoted, the journal entry below is usually bowdlerized so as to minimize the heat of Fuller’s feeling and the coolness of her withdrawal.

. . . Many things interested me . . . but nothing fixed my attention so much, as a large engraving of Me Recamier in her boudoir. I have so often thought over the intimacy between her & Me de Stael. It is so true that a woman may be in love with a woman, and a man with a man. It is so pleasant to be sure of it because undoubtedly it is the same love we shall feel when we are angels when we ascend to the only fit place for the Mignons, where

Sie fragen nicht nach Mann und Weib.—

It is regulated by the same law as that of love between persons of different sexes, only it is purely intellectual and spiritual, unprofaned by any mixture of lower instincts, undisturbed by any need of consulting temporal interests, its law is the desire of the spirit to realize a whole which makes it seek in another being what it finds not in itself. Thus the beautiful seeks the strong, and the strong the beautiful, the mute seeks the eloquent &c the butterfly settles always on the dark flower. Why did Socrates love Alcibiades?—why did Komer love Schneider? how natural is the love of Wallenstein for Max, that of Me de Stael for de Recamier, mine for Anna Barker[.] I loved Anna for a time with as much passion as I was then strong enough to feel—Her face was always gleaming before me, her voice was always echoing in my ear, all poetic thoughts clustered round the dear image. This love was a key which unlocked for me many a treasure which I still possess, it was the carbuncle (emblematic gem) which cast light into many of the darkest caverns of human nature.—She loved me, too, though not so much, because her nature was “less high, less grave, less large, less deep”—but she loved more tenderly, less passionately[.] She loved me, for I well remember her suffering when she first would feel my faults and knew one part of the exquisite veil rent away, how she wished to stay apart and weep the whole day. Then again that night when she leaned on me and her eyes were such a deep violet blue, so like night, as they never were before, and we both felt such a strange mystic thrill and knew what we had never known before. How well too can I now account for that desire which I often had to get away from her and be alone with nature, which displeased her so, for she wished to be with me all the time. I do not love her now with passion, for I have exhausted her idea, and she does not stimulate my fancy, she does not represent the Beautiful to me now, she is only one beautiful object. Then she has never had a chance to get a hold on my heart by the thousand links of intimacy, we have been so little together; all was from the elective affinities. But still I love her with a sort of pallid, tender romance and feel towards her as I can to no other woman. I thought of all this as I looked at Me Recamier . . . . [Houghton MS]

17. To Caroline Sturgis, January 10, 1839

In the mid-l 830s, Fuller met Caroline Sturgis (1819-1888), a talented poet and painter and a vivacious, sometimes rebellious young woman. (Even in middle age, her manner of “delicate and casual irreverence” bemused young Henry James.) She became one of Fuller’s closest friends : “With her,” Fuller said, “I can talk of anything. She is like me. She is able to look facts in the face. We enjoy the clearest, widest, most direct communication” (Memoirs, I, 206). In the first years, Fuller directed her reading and urged her to seek elevating companionship: “To laugh a whole evening at vulgar nondescripts,” she chided, is a pastime “much more excusable in a chameleon like me” (Memoirs, I, 203-204). Sturgis appears not to have found Fuller’s tone in letters, like the one below from Groton, unduly overbearing. For example, she wrote in a letter to Fuller on August 28, 1841: “You have more to pardon than any other & you are the most generous of all. I hope I shall never again wrong you & myself as I have done” (Tappan Papers, Houghton).

My dear Cary,
The mountain and the valley express it exactly—We do not soar up direct like the lark! but our advance is always in the undulating line. You are down now but think how long you were up at Naushon. You must expect a season of dimness and grey discontent.

  As to the premonitions of action and passion, I know the Titanic era must come ere long, but, oh Cary, do nothing to hasten it. Ward it off as long as possible by occupation. Give yourself time to ripen and strengthen for that tremendous strife. They never entered Olympus, those Titans, rather chained to earth, they vented their smouldering rage in volcanoes, “at which Jove laughs”—Do thou build high and strong the ladder before thou dost try to climb—The modelling seemed to me the very thing for you at this juncture. You can pursue that without hurting yourself, and it seems to suit the cant of your mind. Let books alone—you have other and better hieroglyphics before you.

  Tell me all about the pictures you see; that bit of Poussin was admirable.—

  No doubt I was somewhat pained by your want of affection towards me while in Boston, but I did not dislike you, on the contrary I loved you as much as was consistent with the crowded, wearied state of my mind at that time. And, not being upbome by excitement, I had time to feel bodily pain and fatigue. But, I could not seriously think there was any danger of your ceasing to love me. There is so much in me which you do not yet know and have faculties to apprehend that you will not be able I believe, to get free of me for some years.

  I send you many of Jas Clarke’s letters. On reading them over they seemed to me among the most valuable I possessed. There are allusions to the 3 love affairs which formed him into manhood which I wish were not there. But all that is dead and gone, the pain and passion have passed with experience. I know he would entirely confide in my judgment as to the propriety of showing them. Perhaps some things may slightly disgust you in detail but I think when you have got through and look at it as whole you will think it a fine picture of an intellectual friendship, and an interesting history of the growth of a practical character. I think many critiques on books and pictures will interest you. And it will let you see how large a class of men feel towards women, more clearly than you could in books . . . . [Tappan Papers, Houghton]

18. To Caroline Sturgis [1840?]

The undated letter below was doubtless written in the early 1840s, when Fuller was editor of The Dial, which published some of Sturgis’ work. The mysterious notion of redemption from the search after Eros may refer to Fuller’s decision, late in 1839, not to press Sturgis for declarations of love. In another letter, Fuller explained, “I am of too ardent and sympathetic a nature not to feel these mental ruptures keenly at the time, but where I see good reason I can be patient, indulgent, attentive . . . .” (Tappan Papers, Houghton)

Monday eveg

Dear Caroline,
I think what is poetical in your verses is of the purest tone. And even where most unmusical and unfinished they have the great beauty of being written to the dictation of Nature. The most irregular pulses beat with the mighty heart.

  I hope you will be induced to perfect yourself in this mode of expression for the degree to which you have succeeded surprizes me. Your verse is almost as good as your best prose; with practice I think you would be most free in rhythm. Self-adopted chains well suit ambitious natures.

  Some of these strains are to me of ineffable pathos. To live in your life is soothing and mystical to me even as the pine forest.—Show me whenever you can what you write, what you do, I shall not often answer it directly, for such is not my way, but each drop will swell the wave of thought, of life,—till you hear the rebound.

  One thing I admire at in you is your steadiness of nature, how I am often and not least tonight tired to death of the earnestness of my life. I long to do something frivolous to go on a journey or plunge into externals somehow. I never can, my wheel whirls round again.

  I build on our friendship now with trust, for I think it is redeemed from “the search after Eros” We may commune without exacting too much one from the other—Intercourse may be suspended at times, but not eventually broken off. Believe me worthy to know your nature as I believe you worthy to know mine. Believe as I do that our stars will culminate at the same point . . . . [Tappan Papers, Houghton]

19. To Harriet Martineau [circa November 1837]

Fuller and Martineau sustained their friendship after the latter returned to Europe. After Fuller read Martineau’s Society in America, published in 1837, she felt obliged to write her friend about how the book disappointed her. Although she later reprimanded her countrymen for their unreflective and testy response to the criticism of foreigners, she showed a patriotic reflex here. This is a copy of the letter Fuller made in her journal, published without date in the Memoirs. Whether or not Martineau received the same version of this, she appears to have taken criticism from a younger woman badly and in turn criticized Fuller publicly in her Autobiography (IV:4).

On its first appearance, the book was greeted by a volley of coarse and outrageous abuse, and the nine days’ wonder was followed by a nine days hue-and-cry. It was garbled, misrepresented, scandalously ill-treated. This was all of no consequence. The opinion of the majority you will find expressed in a late number of the North American Review. I should think the article, though ungenerous, not more so than great part of the critiques upon your book.

  The minority may be divided into two classes: The one, consisting of those who knew you but slightly, either personally, or in your writings. These have now read your book; and seeing in it your high ideal standard, genuine independence, noble tone of sentiment, vigor of mind and powers of picturesque description, they value your book very much, and rate you higher for it.

  The other comprises those who were previously aware of these high qualities, and who, seeing in a book to which they had looked for a lasting monument to your fame, a degree of presumptuousness, irreverence, inaccuracy, hasty generalization, and ultraism on many points, which they did not expect, lament the haste in which you have written, and the injustice which you have consequently done to so important a task, and to your own powers of being and doing. To this class I belong.

  I got the book as soon as it came out,—long before I received the copy endeared by your handwriting,—and devoted myself to reading it. I gave myself up to my natural impressions, without seeking to ascertain those of others. Frequently I felt pleasure and admiration, but more frequently disappointment, sometimes positive distaste.

  There are many topics treated of in this book of which I am not a judge; but I do pretend, even where I cannot criticize in detail, to have an opinion as to the general tone of thought. When Herschel writes his Introduction to Natural Philosophy, I cannot test all he says, but I cannot err about his fairness, his manliness, and wide range of knowledge. When Jouffroy writes his lectures, I am not conversant with all his topics of thought, but I can appreciate his lucid style and admirable method. When Webster speaks on the currency, I do not understand the subject, but I do understand his mode of treating it, and can see what a blaze of light streams from his torch. When Harriet Martineau writes about America, I often cannot test that rashness and inaccuracy of which I hear so much, but I can feel that they exist. A want of soundness, of habits of patient investigation, of completeness, of arrangement, are felt throughout the book: and, for all its fine descriptions of scenery, breadth of reasoning, and generous daring, I cannot be happy in it, because it is not worthy of my friend, and I think a few months given to ripen it, to balance, compare, and mellow, would have made it so. * *

  Certainly you show no spirit of harshness towards this country in general. I think your tone most kindly. But many passages are deformed by intemperance of epithet.** Would your heart, could you but investigate the matter, approve such overstatement, such a crude, intemperate tirade as you have been guilty of about Mr. Alcott,—a true and noble man, a philanthropist, whom a true and noble woman, also a philanthropist, should have delighted to honor; whose disinterested and resolute efforts, for the redemption of poor humanity, all independent and faithful minds should sustain, since the “broadcloth” vulgar will be sure to assail them; a philosopher, worthy of the palmy times of ancient Greece; a man whom Carlyle and Berkely, whom you so uphold, would delight to honor; a man whom the worldlings of Boston hold in as much horror as the worldlings of ancient Athens did Socrates. They smile to hear their verdict confirmed from the other side of the Atlantic, by their censor, Harriet Martineau.

  I do not like that your book should be an abolition book. You might have borne your testimony as decidedly as you pleased; but why leaven the whole book with it? The subject haunts us on almost every page. It is a great subject, but your book had other purposes to fulfil.

  I have thought it right to say all this to you, since I felt it. I have shrunk from the effort, for I fear that I must lose you. Not that I think all authors are like Gil Blas’ archbishop. No: if your heart turns from me, I shall still love you, still think you noble. I know it must be so trying to fail of sympathy, at such a time, where we expect it. And, besides, I felt from the book that the sympathy between us is less general than I had supposed, it was so strong on several points. It is strong enough for me to love you ever, and I could no more have been happy in your friendship, if I had not spoken out now. [Memoirs, I, 192-94]

20. To her mother, September 5, 1837

The voluminous correspondence with mem hers of her family mostly treats pressing practical questions : money, health, education, employment. A very few letters to her only sister, Ellen, about ten years younger, survive. On August 25, 1836, she urged the pretty teen-aged orphan, “Do not be concerned about your faded frocks; if you are neat and lady-like in your manners they will not injure you with any person whose good opinion is worth having,” and instructs her to pray for strength “to rise above the opinion of this world as far as vanity is concerned” (Houghton MS). There is no evidence that Ellen was intellectual, but when her right to education was threatened by her domineering uncle, Abraham, Fuller, now teaching in Providence, rose fiercely to the occasion and wrote her mother from Concord.

My very dear Mother,
Do not suffer the remarks of that sordid man to give you any uneasiness—Proceed to act as we agreed when I was with you. It is perfectly clear to my mind that the arrangements we then made are the right ones, and I do not fear to hold myself responsible for the consequences.

  If Abraham Fuller continues to annoy you in this manner I am decidedly of opinion that the management of our affairs had better be transferred to someother lawyer . . . . We pay Abraham and we could as well pay another man who would confine himself to his proper part of managing the money. You must, my dear Mother, steadily consider yourself as the guardian of the children. You must not let his vulgar insults make you waver as to giving the children advantages to which they would be well entitled if the property were only a third of what it now is. I cannot like you think that feelings of kindness, however narrow the mind of the writer, could induce him to taunt you or Eugene or say things which he knows to be false. Do not suffer yourself to be puzzled or scared by such stuff . . . .

  Fit out the children for school, and let not Lloyd be forgotten. You incur an awful responsibility by letting him go so neglected any longer. I shall get Ellen a place at Mrs. Urquhart’s if possible; if not, I may take her to Providence, for I hear of no better place. She shall not be treated in this shameful way, bereft of proper advantages and plagued and cramped in the May of life. If I stay at Providence and Abraham manages to trouble you about money before we can get other arrangements made I will pay her bills, if I do not stay there, I will put the affair into the hands of a lawyer: we will see if she is not to have a year’s schooling from twelve to eighteen. I am not angry but I am determined. I am sure that my Father, if he could see me, would approve the view I take . . . . If I do not stay I will let her have my portion of our income with her own . . . . [Houghton MS]

21. To Arthur Fuller, December 31, 1837

While she was in Providence, struggling with uncongenial work to send her siblings through school, she made clear to Arthur, then fifteen, how important his achievement was.

. . . You express gratitude for what I have taught you. It is in your power to repay me a hundred fold by making every exertion now to improve. I did not teach you as I would, yet I think the confinement and care I took of you children, at a time when my mind was so excited by many painful feelings, have had a very bad effect upon my health. I do not say this to pain you or to make you more grateful to me, (for, probably if I had been aware at the time what I was doing, I might not have sacrificed myself so,) but I say it that you may feel it your duty to fill my place and do what I may never be permitted to do. Three precious years at the best period of life I gave all my best hours to you children—let me not see you idle away time which I have always valued so, let me not find you unworthy of the love I felt for you. Those three years would have enabled me to make great attainments which now I never may. Do you make them in my stead that I may not remember that time with sadness.—[Houghton MS]

22. To Richard Fuller, May 25, 1841

More letters to Richard, fourteen years younger, survive than to her other brothers or Ellen. Richard’s distaste for business, his love of study and life simple and close to nature, his uncertainty about a career, his vulnerability with women—all evoked in her letters a high degree of imaginative involvement and solicitude. When this was written from Concord, their troubling youngest brother, Lloyd, had been sent to the school at Brook Farm.

My dear Richard,
. . . I am living here the quiet country life you would enjoy. Here are hens, cows, pigs! and what I like better wildflowers and a nest of singing birds. By the way, I don’t think you could gratify Mrs. Ward more than on the Sunday you go to Jamaica to get her a bouquet of wild flowers. Borrow a tin pail or box and wet them when you put them in; they may thus be brought to town perfectly fresh. Mr. Emerson works five or six hours a day in his garden and his health which was in a very low state this spring improves day by day. He has a friend with him of the name of Henry Thoreau who has come to live with him and be his working man this year. H.T. is three and twenty, has been through college and kept a school, is very fond of classic studies, and an earnest thinker yet intends being a farmer. He has a great deal of practical sense, and as he has bodily strength to boot, he may look to be a successful and happy man. He has a boat which he made himself, and rows me out on the pond. Last night I went out quite late and staid til the moon was almost gone, heard the whip-poor-will for the first time this year. There was a sweet breeze full of apple-blossom fragrance which made the pond swell almost into waves. I had great pleasure. I think of you in these scenes, because I know you love them too. By and by when the duties are done, we may expect to pass summer days together.

  I have had a letter from Lloyd, stating that “he did not like the community as he expected, for he has to work when he does not wish to”!!

          very affectionately your sister
          M. [Houghton MS]

23. On Emerson’s influence, no date

These lines to James Clarke about Emerson’s importance for her indicate how his influence led her away from external place and action and even hint at a healthy fear of becoming dependent on him.

You question me as to the nature of the benefits conferred upon me by Mr. E.’s preaching. I answer, that his influence has been more beneficial to me than that of any American, and that from him I first learned what is meant by an inward life. Many other springs have since fed the stream of living waters, but he first opened the fountain. That the “mind is its own place,” was a dead phrase to me, till he cast light upon my mind. Several of his sermons stand apart in memory, like landmarks of my spiritual history. It would take a volume to tell what this one influence did for me. But perhaps I shall some time see that it was best for me to be forced to help myself. [Memoirs, I, 194-95]

24. To Ralph Waldo Emerson, January 7, 1839

This is Emerson’s transcript of a Groton letter from Fuller. Her teasing tone is a mark .of the free equality they had achieved. On April 25, 1840, she wrote in a similar vein, “When I am a Queen, if so unfortunate as to come to the throne in a northern climate, I will have greenhouses innumerable . . . . I shall only give you sweet pea or lavendar because you are merely a philosopher and a farmer, not a hero, nor a sentimentalist” (Letters, II, 133).

How could you omit your lecture? I stayed in town only to hear it, & shall have no chance at another this winter. Could you not have taken some other time for your “slight indisposition.” I fancied L. was worse & had passed from diet on ricewater to nothing at all. I sent a maiden to inquire at Mrs. A.’s & she returned all smiles to tell me that Mrs. E. was quite well, that Mr. E. had lost a night’s rest!! but had since rode to Waltham, walked five miles, sawed wood, & by use of these mild remedies was now perfectly restored. Imagine my indignation: lost a night’s rest! as if an intellectual person ever had a night’s rest; one too of that sect who are supposed to be always

      “Lying broad awake, & yet
      Remaining from the body, & apart
      In intellect, & power, & will, To hear
      Time flowing in the middle of the night
      And all things creeping to the day of doom.”

—that such an one should adjourn a lecture on Genius because he has lost a night’s sleep.

  I would tell you of my visit in town, but that I have uttered the record in so circulating a medium, that I cannot but fancy it may have vibrated as far as Concord. Lest it should not, I will say that three things were specially noteworthy. First, a talk with Mr. Alcott, in which he appeared to me so great, that I am inclined to think he deserves your praise, and that he deceived neither you nor himself in saying that I had not yet seen him. Beside his usual attitude and closeness to the ideal, he showed range, grasp, power of illustration, and precision of statement such as I never saw in him before. I will begin him again and read by faith awhile.

  There was a book of studies from Salvator Rosa, from the Brimmer Donation, at the Athenaeum, which I looked over with great delight and got many thoughts of my journal. There was at last an interview with Mr. Allston. He is as beautiful as the towncriers have said, and deserves to be Mr. Dana’s Olympus, Lares, and Penates, as he is. He got engaged upon his Art, and flamed up into a galaxy of Platonism. Yet what he said was not as beautiful as his smile of genius in saying it. Unfortunately, I was so fascinated, that I forgot to make myself interesting, and shall not dare to go and see him. [Letters, II, 32]

25. To Ralph Waldo Emerson, September 29, 1840

The emotionally charged debate on friendship raged through two months of 1840, until, on October 22, Emerson called it off, apologizing for his coldness and urging Fuller, as a “woman of sense and sentiment,” to return to their old footing of exchanging “reasonable words” (Rusk, Letters, II, 352-53). The letter below is the only one of Fuller’s letters from the period that survives, copied in Emerson’s hand. It is in response to his of September 25, in which he said: “Now in your last letter, you . . . do say . . . that I am yours and yours shall be, let me dally how long soever in this or that temporary relation. I on the contrary do constantly aver that you and I are not inhabitants of one thought of the Divine Mind, but of two thoughts, that we meet and treat like foreign states, one maritime, one inland, whose trade and laws are essentially unlike .. . . Our friend is part of our fate; those who dwell in the same truth are friends; those who are exercised on different thoughts are not, and must puzzle each other for the time” (Rusk, Letters, II, 336-37). Here she upbraids him for retreating from some of the bolder assertions in his essay while revealing between the lines that her need for support on the eve of the Ward-Barker wedding has reduced her to passionate dependency. She confronts his charge, spoken or implicit, that she sought power. She also defends a complex of responses and drives in herself which are not susceptible to rational analysis but are essential to her still unfocused vitality. When the air cleared, these differences would become the ground of her sharpened independence. (The ellipsis after the second paragraph is in the original.)

I have felt the impossibility of meeting far more than you; so much, that if you ever know me well, you will feel that the fact of my abiding by you thus far, affords a strong proof that we are to be much to one another. How often have I left you despairing & forlorn. How often have I said, this light will never understand my fire; this clear eye will never discern the law by which I am filling my circle; this simple force will never interpret my need of manifold being.

  Dear friend on one point misunderstand me less. I do not love power other than every vigorous nature delights to feel itself living. To violate the sanctity of relations, I am as far from it as you can be. I make no claim. I have no wish which is not dictated by a feeling of truth. Could I lead the highest Angel captive by a look, that look I would not give, unless prompted by true love. I am no usurper. I ask only mine own inheritance. If it be found that I have mistaken its boundaries, I will give up the choicest vineyard, the fairest flower-garden, to its lawful owner . . . .

  In me I did not think you saw the purity, the singleness, into which, I have faith that all this darting motion, & restless flame shall yet be attempered & subdued. I felt that you did not for me the highest office of friendship, by offering me the clue of the labyrinth of my own being. Yet I thought you appreciated the fearlessness which shrinks from no truth in myself & others, & trusted me, believing that I knew the path for myself. O it must be that you have felt the worth of that truth which has never hesitated to infringe our relation, or aught else, rather than not vindicate itself. If you have not seen this stair on which God has been so untiringly leading me to himself, you have indeed been wholly ignorant of me. Then indeed, when my soul, in its childish agony of prayer, stretched out its arms to you as a father, did you not see what was meant by this crying for the moon; this sullen rejection of playthings which had become unmeaning? Did you then say, “I know not what this means; perhaps this will trouble me; the time will come when I shall hide my eyes from this mood;’—then you are not the friend I seek.

  But did not you ask for a “foe” in your friend? Did not you ask for a “large formidable nature”? But a beautiful foe, I am not yet, to you. Shall I ever be? I know not. My life is now prayer. Through me sweetest harmonies are momently breathing. Shall they not make me beautiful,—Nay, beauty! Shall not all vehemence, all eccentricity, be purged by these streams of divine light? I have, in these hours, but one pain; The sense of the infinite exhausts & exalts: it cannot therefore possess me wholly; else, were I also one wave of gentlest force. Again I shall cease to melt & flow; again I shall seek & pierce & rend asunder.

  But oh, I am now full of such sweet certainty. never never more can it be utterly shaken. All things have I given up to the central power, myself, you also; yet, I cannot forbear adding, dear friend. I am now so at home, I know not how again to wander & grope, seeking my place in another soul. I need to be recognized. After this, I shall be claimed, rather than claim, yet if I speak of facts, it must be as I see them.

  To L. my love. In her, I have always recognized the saintly element. That, better than a bible in my hand, shows that it cannot be to me wholly alien. Yet am I no saint, no anything, but a great soul born to know all, before it can return to the creative fount. [Letters, II, 159-60]

26. To Ralph Waldo Emerson [October 1841?]

After autumn 1840, both Emerson and Fuller worked to salvage their friendship. When she withdrew he begged her to return, but jocularly : “Hast thou no bowels of compassion for this Stylite solitude?” (Rusk, Letters, II, 380). Almost jocularly, he apologized for disappointing Caroline, Sam, Anna, and her: “They say in heaven I am a very awkward lover of my friends . . . but a sincere one. My love reacts on me like the recoiling gun: it is pain” (Rusk, Letters, II, 438). During her annual visit to Concord the next year, they resumed what he termed “these strange, cold-warm, attractive-repelling conversations with Margaret” on friendship, but now, on her side, the demands gave way to appreciative analysis of their differences. This letter, postdated October 1841 and marked “letter written at Concord from room to room,” was apparently delivered by his child, also called Waldo, with some of Emerson’s writing, on which she comments in the first lines.

How true and majestical it reads; Surely you must have said it this time. The page flows too, and we have no remembrance of “mosaic or Medal.”

Dear Waldo, I know you do not regard our foolish critiques, except in the true way to see whether you have yet got the best form of expression. What do we know of when you should stop writing or how you should live? In these pages I seem to hear the music rising I so long have wished to hear, and am made sensible to the truth of the passage in one of your letters “Life, like the nimble Tartar &c

  I like to be in your library when you are out of it. It seems a sacred place. I came here to find a book, that I might feel more life and be worthy to sleep, but there is so much soul here I do not need a book. When I come to yourself, I cannot receive you, and you cannot give yourself; it does not profit. But when I cannot find you the beauty and permanence of your life come to me.

  “She (Poesie) has ascended from the depths of a nature, and only by a similar depth, shall she be apprehended!”—I want to say while I am feeling it, what I have often (not always) great pleasure in feeling—how long it must be, before I am able to meet you,—I see you—and fancied it nearer than it was, you were right in knowing the contrary.

  How much, much more I would fain say and cannot. I am too powerfully drawn while with you, and cannot advance a step, but when away I have learned something. Not yet to be patient and faithful and holy however, but only have taken off the shoes, to tread the holy ground. I shall often depart through the ranges of manifold being, but as often return to where I am tonight. [Letters, II, 233-34]

27. On Lidian Emerson, September 2, 1842

From the journal Fuller kept during her 1842 stay in Concord we get a glimpse of what her friendship with Emerson cost his wife, Lidian. Fuller’s simultaneously searching and evasive response to the situation is characteristic for her during this period; she also assumed a radical distinction between herself and other women. (Waldo, Emerson’s first-born, had died at five years of age in January, and “Mamma,” Emerson’s mother, was living at his house.)

[September] 2d It is a most brilliant day, & I stole the morning from my writing to take Lidian and then Mamma to ride. L. has had a slow fever which has confined her to her chamber almost ever since I came, & I have not been attentive to her as I should have been, if I had thought she cared about it. I did not go into her room at all for a day or two, simply because I was engaged all the time and kept expecting to see her down stairs. When I did go in, she burst into tears, at sight of me, but laid the blame on her nerves, having taken opium &c. I felt embarrassed, & did not know whether I ought to stay or go. Presently she said something which made me suppose she thought W. passed the evenings in talking with me, & a painful feeling flashed across me, such as I have not had, all has seemed so perfectly understood between us. I said that I was with Ellery or H[enry] T[horeau] both of the eve gs & that W. was writing in the study.

  I thought it all over a little, whether I was considerate enough. As to W. I never keep him from any such duties, any more than a book would.—He lives in his own way, & he dont soothe the illness, or morbid feelings of a friend, because he would not wish any one to do it for him. It is useless to expect it; what does it signify whether he is with me or at his writing. L. knows perfectly well, that he has no regard for me or any one that would make him wish to be with me, a minute longer than I could fill up the time with thoughts.

  As to my being more his companion that cannot be helped, his life is in the intellect not the affections. He has affection for me, but it is because I quicken his intellect.—I dismissed it all, as a mere sick moment of L’s.

  Yesterday she said to me, at dinner, I have not yet been out, will you be my guide for a little walk this afternoon. I said I am engaged to walk with Mr E. but—(I was going to say, I will walk with you first,) when L. burst into tears. The family were all present, they looked at their plates. Waldo looked on the ground, but soft & serene as ever. I said “My dear Lidian, certainly I will go with you.” “No! she said I do not want you to make any sacrifice, but I do feel perfectly desolate, and forlorn, and I thought if I once got out, the fresh air would do me good, and that with you, I should have courage, but go with Mr E. I will not go”

  I hardly knew what to say, but I insisted on going with her, & then she insisted on going so that I might return in time for my other walk. Waldo said not a word: he retained his sweetness of look, but never offered to do the least thing. I can never admire him enough at such times; he is so true to himself. In our walk and during our ride this morn g L. talked so fully that I felt reassured except that I think she will always have these pains, because she has always a lurking hope that Waldo’s character will alter, and that he will be capable of an intimate union; now I feel convinced that it will never be more perfect between them two. I do not believe it will be less: for he is sorely troubled by imperfections in the tie, because he dont believe in any thing better.—And where he loved her first, he loves her always. Then the influence of any one with him would be just in proportion to independence of him, combined with pure love of him for his own sake. Yet in reply to all L. said, I would not but own that though I thought it was the only way, to take him for what he is, as he wishes to be taken, and though my experience of him has been, for that very reason, so precious to me, I dont know that I could have fortitude for it in a more intimate relation. Yet nothing could be nobler, nor more consoling than to be his wife, if one’s mind were only thoroughly made up to the truth.—As for myself, if I have not done as much as I ought for L. it is that her magnanimity has led her to deceive me. I have really thought that she was happy to have me in the house solely for Waldo’s sake, and my own, and she is, I know, in the long account, but there are pains of every day which I am apt to neglect for others as for myself.—But Truth, spotless Truth, and Prayer and Love shall yield a talisman to teach me how to steer.

  I suppose the whole amount of the feeling is that women cant bear to be left out of the question. And they dont see the whole truth about one like me, if they did they would understand why the brow of Muse or Priestess must wear a shade of sadness. On my side I dont remember them enough. They have so much that I have not, I cant conceive of their wishing for what I have. (enjoying is not the word: these I know are too generous for that) But when Waldo’s wife, & the mother of that child that is gone thinks me the most privileged of women, & that E[lizabeth] H[oar] was happy because her love was snatched away for a life long separation, & thus she can know none but ideal love: it does seem a little too insulting at first blush.—And yet they are not altogether wrong. [“Margaret Fuller’s 1842 Journal,” ed. Joel Myerson, Harvard Library Bulletin, 21 (1973), 331-32]

28. On marriages, September 4, 1842

In contrast to her lack of sympathy for Lidian’s feelings, Fuller’s journal two days later reveals considerable anxiety for the marital happiness of her sister, Ellen. Ellery Channing, Ellen’s husband since the previous September, had preceded her to Concord to find them winter lodgings. On September 2, he showed Fuller a letter from Caroline Sturgis urging him to visit her at Naushon (on the way to Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket). Explaining his confidence that “when I am once united to E[llen] again, I shall never be separated from her,” he told her of his desire to pay a last visit to Caroline, with whom he had a romantic friendship. Though Fuller had been “entirely in favor of his going,” she was in vicarious agony when her sister arrived before his return. The passage has special interest also because of its cryptic allusions to the difference between Fuller’s and Emerson’s feelings about marriage, a topic they discussed much that summer.

Aft[ernoon]. Waldo came into my room to read me what he has written in his journal about marriage, & we had a long talk. He listens with a soft wistful look to what I say, but is nowise convinced. It was late in a dark afternoon, the fine light in that red room always so rich, cast a beautiful light upon him, as he read and talked. Since I have found in his journal two sentences that represent the two sides of his thought.

In time

  “Marriage should be a covenant to secure to either party the sweetness and the handsomeness of being a calm continuing inevitable benefactor to the other.”

In eternity

  “Is it not enough that souls should meet in a law, in a thought, obey the same love, demonstrate the same idea. These alone are the nuptials of minds. I marry you for better, not for worse, I marry impersonally.”

  I shall write to him about it.

  At night Mamma & Lidian came down too & sat in my room. I was no longer engrossed in writing & talking, & my anxiety increased as the hour for the stage was approaching lest Ellen should arrive unaccompanied by Ellery. W. declared it was impossible to happen, but I saw well enough he was as anxious as I. At last the stage stopped in a violent rain. W. went to the door. & sure enough it was my poor little prodigal. “Is Mr Channing here” “No, but Margaret is” & in he brought her[.]

  I thought I should faint, but recovered myself directly. I did not wish to frighten her & I did not let her know where Ellery was gone. She behaved sweetly, though so disappointed at not finding him. I saw at once that she was less selfish than formerly.

  Waldo was now distressed for me: he called me out, & offered to go down to Boston this very evening, & bring me back news if I would. But I would not let him & then he said he should go in the morning early. I shall never forget the tender sympathy he showed me at this time. We talked sometime & when I came back I found I had left Ellen too long alone. She felt as if E. must be ill, & she had better go to him in B[oston) next morning “He may not be there” said I. “Why, he must,” says she “where else coul4 he be?” I made no reply—how people can ever bear the task of dissembling or concealing I cant think, one minute of it is so painful.

  I passed a wretched night, yet was much entertained, for she talked all through the night & I wanted to hear about what she had to say.—In the middle of the night she got up unpacked her trunk to get it & set E’s picture (an ugly thing that I should not think she would value) on the mantelpiece that she might see it. Then an hour or two after she said “M. are you asleep,” “No”—”I hope you will like Ellery so that he may enjoy being with you: he needs the stimulus of such minds. He values Cary’s very much: he reads her letters a great deal: Do you know whether he has seen her?”—I believe, he has, said I, & I thought “poor deluded innocent”—Then I thought over all these relations once more, but I still came to the same result that I always do. If I were Waldo’s wife, or Ellery’s wife, I should acquiesce in all these relations, since they needed them. I should expect the same feeling from my husband, & I should think it little in him not to have it. I felt I should never repent of advising Ellery to go whatever happened. Well, he came back next day, and All’s Well that Ends Well. It was I that suppose always thought that he & others will surely do as they intend, & that’s a great mistake.

  Mamma & Lidian sympathized with me almost with tears, Waldo looked radiant, & H[enry] T[horeau] as if his tribe had won a victory. Well it was a pretty play, since it turned out no tragedy at last. Ellery told Ellen at once how it was, and she took it just as she ought. [“Margaret Fuller’s 1842 Journal,” ed. Joel Myerson, Harvard Library Bulletin, 21 (19 73), 335-36]

29. On changing assessment of Emerson, August 25, 1842

During the same visit, Fuller noted in her journal that she and Waldo “no longer act powerfully on one another” and wrote in a letter, probably to W. H. Channing, a penetrating summary of their relations. We note at the end her sharp awareness that in her connection with him she turned away from history, society, and action.

  . . . After the first excitement of intimacy with him,—when I was made so happy by his high tendency, absolute purity, the freedom and infinite graces of an intellect cultivated much beyond any I had known,—came with me the questioning season. I was greatly disappointed in my relation to him. I was, indeed, always called on to be worthy,—this benefit was sure in our friendship. But I found no intelligence of my best self; far less was it revealed to me in new modes; for not only did he seem to want the living faith which enables one to discharge this holiest office of a friend, but he absolutely distrusted me in every region of my life with which he was unacquainted. The same trait I detected in his relations with others. He had faith in the Universal, but not in the Individual Man; he met men, not as a brother, but as a critic. Philosophy appeared to chill instead of exalting the poet.

  But now I am better acquainted with him. His “accept” is true; the “I shall learn,” with which he answers every accusation, is no less true. No one can feel his limitations, in fact, more than he, though he always speaks confidently from his present knowledge as all he has yet, and never qualifies or explains. He feels himself “shut up in a crystal cell,” from which only “a great love or a great task could release me,” and hardly expects either from what remains in this life. But I already see so well how these limitations have fitted him for his peculiar work, that I can no longer quarrel with them; while from his eyes looks out the angel that must sooner or later break every chain. Leave him in his cell affirming absolute truth; protesting against humanity, if so he appears to do; the calm observer of the courses of things. Surely, “he keeps true to his thought, which is the great matter.” He has already paid his debt to his time; how much more he will give we cannot know; but already I feel how invaluable is a cool mind, like his, amid the warring elements around us. As I look at him more by his own law, I understand him better; and as I understand him better, differences melt away. My inmost heart blesses the fate that gave me birth in the same clime and time, and that has drawn me into such a close bond with him as, it is my hopeful faith, will never be broken but from sphere to sphere even more hallowed. * * *

  What did you mean by saying I had imbibed much of his way of thought? I do indeed feel his life stealing gradually into mine; and I sometimes think that my work would have been more simple, and my unfolding to a temporal activity more rapid and easy, if we had never met. But when I look forward to eternal growth, I am always aware that I am far larger and deeper for him. His influence has been to me that of lofty assurance and sweet serenity. He says, I come to him as the European to the Hindoo, or the gay Trouvere to the Puritan in his steeple hat. Of course this implies that our meeting is partial. I present to him the many forms of nature and solicit with music; he melts them all into spirit and reproves performance with prayer. When I am with God alone, I adore in silence. With nature I am filled and grow only. With most men I bring words of now past life, and do actions suggested by the wants of their natures rather than my own. But he stops me from doing anything, and makes me think. [Memoirs, II, 67-69]

30. To Elizabeth Peabody, December 26, 1844

Also in the journal of her 1842 visit to Concord, Fuller recorded a pleasant visit with the newlywed Nathaniel Hawthorne and his wife Sophia Peabody at the Old Manse. Youngest of the three remarkable Peabody sisters, Sophia wrote a rapturous sonnet to Fuller in appreciation of the Conversations, called “To a Priestess of the Temple Not Made with Hands.” If his wife’s adoration of Fuller troubled Hawthorne, he overcame it and other antisocial feelings at the time. Fuller wrote, “He walked home with me; we stopped some time to look at the moon she was struggling with clouds. H. said he should be much more willing to die than two months ago, for he had had some real possession in life, but still he never wished to leave this earth; it was beautiful enough. He expressed, as he always does, many fine perceptions. I like to hear the lightest thing he says” (“Margaret Fuller’s 1842 Journal,” ed. Joel Myerson, p. 325). Yet with the eldest Peabody, Elizabeth (1804-1894), Fuller was never close; Elizabeth wrote after Fuller’s death that she did not count herself among Fuller’s intimate friends “as she decidedly wished I should not.” This is intriguing, as the two women had so much in common: both were charter members of the Transcendental Club, both teachers at Alcott’s school; Elizabeth hosted and recorded Fuller’s Conversations and participated in work of The Dial. (In this last capacity, she often got things confused, according to Fuller.) Although a competitive feeling may explain Fuller’s coolness, Elizabeth Peabody’s own account of their meeting in 1827 or 1828 suggests other possibilities: “Margaret said almost nothing, but I think she was laughing at me, for which there seemed good cause. I was impressed strongly with her perfect good nature . . . . She had no malice in her heart” (Emerson, Notebook on MFO, Houghton). Such monumental modesty or self-effacement of character might well have dismayed or threatened Fuller. In her only surviving letter to Peabody, written from New York, Fuller implies as much and, probably drawing on her own experience, warns the older woman on the mental confusion and self-destructiveness of dependency.

. . . Let me answer, in brief, to the most interesting part of your letter. Probably, I have, as you say, a large share of prudence by nature. It has not, however, been large enough to save me from being much disappointed, in various relations, by a want of delicacy and tenderness from those who had seemed capable of it. But, perceiving similar faults in me, and yet knowing my heart capable of pure and intelligent love, I believe them so, too, and that we shall be better and do better as we grow.

  The tone of your letter was so mild, and its spirit so comprehensive, that I felt as if you must be nearer peace than I had ever expected to find you in this world. Yet your tendency to extremes, as to personal attachments, is so strong, I am afraid you will not wholly rise above it.

  The persons whom you have idolized can never, in the end, be ungrateful, and, probably, at the time of retreat they still do justice to your heart. But, so long as you must draw persons too near you, a temporary recoil is sure to follow. It is the character striving to defend itself from a heating and suffocating action upon it.—

  A little, only a little less of this in you would give your powers the degree of fresh air they need. Could you be as generous and sympathetic, yet never infatuated; then the blur, the haste, the tangle would disappear, and neither I nor any one could refuse to understand you.

  I admit that I have never done you justice. There is so much in you that is hostile to my wishes, as to character, and especially as to the character of woman; how could I be quite candid? Yet when I have looked at you, truly, I have also looked steadily, and always feel myself in your debt that you cordially pardon all that must be to you repressing—and unpleasant in me.

  To the care of the fair spirit that sometimes looks out so full through your features and your conduct I commend you. It must finally give you back all your friends . . . . [Houghton MS copy]

31. To Richard Fuller, March 2, 1845

While Fuller was living in New York, she looked to her brother Richard to take on the family responsibility. She explained to him the radical difference that the move meant for her.

. . . You say you feel worthy and able to be my friend. That I believe this, I did not think any further proof was needed on my side than the great confidence I placed in you during the latter part of our sojourn in Cambridge. On yours I am inclined to ask of you to take as far as possible my place in the family. To show refined consideration for Mother, take judicious care of Lloyd. You have felt as if my honor and the development of my powers, was really precious to you. I have now a position where I can devote myself entirely to use its occasions, a noble career is before me yet. I want to be unimpeded by cares which I cannot, at this distance, attend to properly. I want that my friends should wish me now to act in my public career rather than towards them personally. I have given almost all my young energies to personal relations. I no longer feel inclined to this, and wish to share and impel the general stream of thought . . . . [Houghton MS]

32. To James Nathan [May? 4? 1845]

Thanks to the vigorous efforts of Fuller’s family, no one knew of her strange intimacy with James Nathan until her correspondence emerged before an astonished New England in 1903. Spring had come early in New York in 1845, and Fuller wrote nearly daily to her “Liebster.” The rebirth of life in the woods around the Greeleys’ Manhattan home on Turtle Bay reflected all too irresistibly the sprouting of passion for Nathan. The conclusion of this letter inspired the offensive advances of Nathan, who failed to understand that for New Englanders license was the province of poetry alone. Apparently his peace offering, a puppy named Josey, was made and received without irony.

Sunday afternoon

The true lovely time is come at last. The leaves and grasses are out, so that the wind can make soft music as it sweeps along instead of the rattling and sobbing of winter. A dear little shower is refreshing the trees and they grow greener and fairer every moment in gratitude. (I write so badly because the wind shakes my paper too as well as the other leaves, but I cant bear to shut the window.)

  You must use your moderation about our interviews, and as you know best. I like best to rely entirely upon you, yet keep time as much as possible with the enchanting calls of outward nature. It is nothing to be together in the parlor or in the street, and we are not enough so among the green things To-day the lilacs are all in blossom, and the air is full of a perfume which causes exstasy.

  I hear you with awe assert power over me and feel it to be true. It causes awe, but not dread, such as I felt sometime since at the approach of this mysterious power, for I feel deep confidence in my friend and know that he will lead me on in a spirit of holy love, and that all I may learn of nature and the soul will be legitimate. The destiny of each human being is no doubt great and peculiar, however obscure its rudiments to our present sight, but there are also in every age a few in whose lot the meaning of that age is concentrated. I feel that I am one of those persons in my age and sex. I feel chosen among women. I have deep mystic feelings in myself and intimations from elsewhere. I could not, if I would, put into words these spirit-facts, indeed they are but swelling germs as yet, and all I do for them is to try to do nothing that might blight them. Yet as you say you need forget your call, so have I need of escaping from this overpowering sense. But when forced back upon myself, as now, though the first turnings of the key were painful, yet the inner door makes rapturous music too upon its golden hinge. What it hides, you perhaps know, as you read me so deeply; indeed, some things you say seem as if you did. Yet do not, unless you must. You look at things so without their veils, yet that seems noble and antique to me. I do it when you hold me by the hand, yet when I feel how you are thinking, I sometimes inly say Psyche was but a mortal woman, yet as the bride of Love, she became a daughter of the Gods too. But had she teamed in any other way this secret of herself, all had been lost, the plant and flower and fruit.

  But it is impossible to say these things at least for me. They are myself, but not clearly defined to myself. With you, all seems to assume such palpable reality, though you do not forget its inner sense either. I love to hear you read off the secret, and yet you sometimes make me tremble too. I confide in you, as this bird, now warbling without confides in me. You will understand my song, but you will not translate it into language too human. I wish, I long to be human, but divinely human. Let the soul invest every act of its abode with somewhat of its own lightness and subtlety. Are you my guardian to domesticate me in the body, and attach it more firmly to the earth? Long it seemed that it was only my destiny to say a few words to my youth’s companions and then depart. I hang lightly as an air-plant. Am I to be rooted on earth, oh! choose for me a good soil and a sunny place, that I may be a green shelter to the weary and bear fruit enough to pay for staying.

  A revoir à dieu [Letters, IV, 94-96]

33. To James Nathan, May 9, 1845

It would be difficult to say which of the effects Nathan had on Fuller was stronger: the awakening of her sensuality or the putting to sleep of her mind. They combine to give her letters a powerfully narcotic tone. Two impulses made for her self-effacement. One was the desire to have a child. (A month after Nathan’s flight, she wrote Sturgis: “It seems as if I was learning everything, that every element of beauty and power was being reproduced in my frame, but only in my son shall they appear, not in me, his unknown but happy mother” [Tappan Papers, Houghton].) The other—expressed here for the last time in her life—was the desire to be a child.

Friday evening

Dearest,
I must begin by “babbling of green fields”. Though it be true as you say that this region of beautiful symbols is not the highest. I do find such relief in the soft trance, the still rapture they can give. I live in their life and am nourished by it, as the infant from the mother’s breast. Do you not cease to love this region too. You shall upbear me to the stars, when your energies overflow, and I feel sure that you will not find me incompetent to receive in the region of Ideas. But let me sometimes hold you by the hand to linger with me here and listen while the grass grows; it does me so much good, the soft warm life close to the earth. Perhaps it is that I was not enough a child at the right time, and now am too childish, but will you not have patience with that?

  The tulips are out now and the crimson ones seem to me like you. They fill gloriously with the sunlight, and the petals glow like gems, while the black stamens in the cup of the flower look so rich and mystical. I have gathered two and put them in my vase, but the perfume is almost overpowering. There are also two golden ones that have rooted themselves on the edge of a grassy bank. I do not know how they could get there; it was a strange elopement from the regular flower-bed, but the effect is beautiful of flowers so vornehm, willing to be wild.

  I have been sitting in the twilight in the spot where we have been several times: always something unpleasant occurred when we were there, but it has all endeared us to one another and ennobled the relation. And now a shrub has starred itself all over with white flowers and bends over the place. The young moon lent her pure crescent above the rocks, my parapet behind; the waves stole in vibrating through the silence with insidious murmurs. Spülen!—how expressive is the German word, we have none like it. In this enchanting solitude, I thought of thee, of thy great thoughts. I have well understood all that has been told me—do not hesitate to unfold the whole, only, indeed, in the musical order, so as to feel satisfied. I feel sure of being equal to it. Indeed, it seems as if there had been a gradual and steady preparation in me to hear it all. It will not be in vain that we have met; whatever be your destiny, whether you be born to give form to these ideas, or are only the harbinger, the father of him who is to come, that they have been uttered on earth and found their due vibration predicts that their fulfilment is near. Man shall stand upon the earth as Man, and no more content himself with specific titles and partial claims.

  My dearest, I feel a deep desire to utter myself, to answer the inspirations of your life from my inmost soul, but I cannot. The easy powers, the superficial eloquence all fail me here. The little wings on my feet upbear me in the world but they are not strong enough for here. You would have to take me to heart and read my silence, but I believe you will. Since I began to write I grow more powerless, whether that you are thinking of me now or from the sense of your thoughts that have been poured upon me I do not know this time. But often I feel that you are thinking of me and it takes away all power of thought or motion. You say it will not always be so, that by and by it will stimulate me to be more myself; this may be; there is at present so much for me to assimilate and absorb. Could I indeed but let it rest in me till I grow to the stature of what I feel. You know how it will be; since you have the secret of this vital energy; you must know how it works in all forms of life, especially in mine, with which you are now in conjunction. I feel the most tender reliance, and also faith that I shall never be a trouble to you. I observe that it is with you, as it has been with me in many cases. You attract beings so much that after a while it is too much for their good or your pleasure. Then comes the painful retrograde motion. But I feel confident that my angel will not let it be so with me. I have never been able to go a step where you did not take me; now, when I want you most, I feel that I cannot seek you, unless you do me. So not even by a thought shall I be permitted to follow you, where I cannot accompany . . . .

  Now there is more, and far better to be said, but again I cannot. Yet it is delightful to know that you will read all that is left unsaid. Now why say anything?—but it is sweet to express all one can. [Letters, IV, 97-99]



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